The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has published a report on advanced STEM skills in higher education, calling for coordinated policies to strengthen the development and effective use of expertise in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Released on 23 October, the report examines how education systems and labour markets can respond to the skills needed for emerging technologies, including AI and quantum computing.

The OECD identifies five interconnected barriers: access to STEM higher education, completion of studies, progression to advanced expertise, entry into employment and opportunities to renew skills throughout working life. It warns that difficulties recruiting qualified workers do not necessarily indicate a shortage of graduates, as employers may also face problems related to recruitment practices, working conditions or the effective use of existing skills.

The report outlines four policy priorities covering access and completion, progression and lifelong learning, curriculum renewal, and stronger connections between education and employment. It also identifies eight areas for policy action to guide national strategies and improve coordination between governments, universities and employers. The OECD highlights scientific and AI literacy as foundations for advanced STEM expertise and emphasises the importance of interdisciplinary knowledge and responsible technological development.

Why does it matter?

The findings challenge approaches that treat increasing STEM graduate numbers as the primary solution to technological skills shortages. For policymakers, the report provides a framework for identifying where skills development and employment systems fail to meet emerging technological needs, helping governments target interventions more effectively. Its recommendations are particularly relevant to workforce preparation for AI and other advanced technologies and support implementation of the EU's STEM Education Strategic Plan. However, their effectiveness will depend on national implementation and sustained cooperation across education, research, innovation and employment policies.